AI Builders Digest
Bilingual edition · 双语对照版
第 96 期|2026-08-22|双语精选版|4 条精选|4 位作者|4 个主题 返回目录
编者导读 / Editor's Note

私有化部署双雄会:Boris Cherny 宣布 Anthropic 将在秋季推出企业自有基础设施版(**1671 赞**)——Mythos 级模型需要额外安全措施,客户拥有并控制自己的数据,Anthropic 分文不留;Thariq 同步宣布 Fable 企业安全版(543 赞)——约 100 家公司共同开发。Sottiaux 调查 Codex 限额异常:发现 sub2api 把订阅转 API 流量再共享(**2797 赞**)+ GPT-Image-2 透明图生成(2503 赞)+ ChatGPT Site 协作共创(1605 赞)。Rauchg 宣布「我们在造 agent 的 AWS」(387 赞)+ fx 0.0.5 两张软盘装下(512 赞)+ 欢迎 Bun 加入 Vercel(463 赞)。Amjad 讲述 PG 让 Sam 招募 Replit 的往事(938 赞)。Zara 的 Claude 金句(295 赞):「动机会跟着行动而来,而非走在行动之前」。Peter Yang 的 manager agent 唠叨法(484 赞)。播客:No Priors 专访 Max Hodak——Science 公司让盲人重见光明(37894 字符 transcript 全文翻译)。

Theme 01

On-Prem Fable & Anthropic, Codex Limits & Sub2api / 私有化 Fable 与 Anthropic、Codex 限额与 sub2api

Boris Cherny 的 Anthropic 秋季企业版预告(**1671 赞**);Thariq 的 Fable 企业安全版(543 赞);Sottiaux 的 sub2api 调查(**2797 赞**)+ GPT-Image-2 透明图(2503 赞)+ ChatGPT Site(1605 赞)。

Cherny / Thariq / Sottiaux avatarC/
Cherny / Thariq / Sottiaux
Claude Code / Anthropic / OpenAI
中文

Boris Cherny 预告 Anthropic 企业私有化部署(1671 赞):我们和客户做了很久了。Mythos 级模型需要额外的安全措施,企业也需要满足自己的隐私与合规规则——客户拥有并控制自己的数据,Anthropic 一分不留。今秋推出。Thariq 同步宣布 Fable 企业安全版(543 赞):运行在你自己的基础设施上,数据在哪、谁能访问都由你控制;与约 100 家公司共同开发了一阵子,秋季有望更广泛推出。

Sottiaux 三连:sub2api 调查(2797 赞)——我们调查了几条关于 Codex 用量限额不同的消息。这种事我们不会在不与社区沟通、保持透明的情况下擅改。但确实发现:受影响用户中很多在用 sub2api——把订阅转成 API 流量再转发或共享给多用户,这不是我们支持的方式。GPT-Image-2 透明图(2503 赞):现在可以在 ChatGPT 和 API 里生成透明背景图片了,附赠一棵仙人掌贴纸要贴笔记本。ChatGPT Site 协作(1605 赞):创建站点、分享链接、一起创造——我和别人一起搭小游戏和小网站,太好玩了。

Cherny:Mythos 级模型企业自有部署今秋推出。Anthropic 分文不留。

Thariq:Fable 企业安全版跑在你自己的基础设施上,约 100 家公司共研。

Sottiaux:sub2api 把订阅转 API 再共享不受支持。GPT-Image-2 透明图。ChatGPT Site 一起创造。

English

Boris Cherny previews Anthropic's enterprise on-prem (1671 likes): 'We've been working on this with customers for a while. Mythos-class models require additional safety measures and enterprises need to meet their own privacy and compliance rules. Customers can own and control their own data and Anthropic retains none. It's coming this fall.' Thariq announces Fable safeguards for enterprises (543 likes): 'that work on your infrastructure so you have control over where your data lives & who has access to it. We've been developing it alongside ~100 companies for a bit and hoping to roll it out more broadly in the fall.'

Sottiaux's triple: the sub2api investigation (2797 likes): 'We've investigated a few messages about codex usage limits being different. What we did see is that when talking to affected users many were using sub2api. Converting a subscription into api traffic to then re-serve or share across many users is not something we support.' GPT-Image-2 transparency (2503 likes): 'Yay, you can now make transparent images in ChatGPT and through the API with GPT-Image-2. Here is a cactus cactus I am about to print and put on my laptop.' And ChatGPT Sites (1605 likes): 'Create a ChatGPT Site, share it and create something together. I've been building little games and sites with others and it is so much fun.'

Boris Cherny: We've been working on this with customers for a while. Mythos-class models require additional safety measures and enterprises need to meet their own privacy and compliance rules. Customers can own and control their own data and Anthropic retains none. It's coming this fall.

Thariq: we're launching new Fable safeguards for enterprises that work on your infrastructure so you have control over where your data lives & who has access to it. We've been developing it alongside ~100 companies for a bit and hoping to roll it out more broadly in the fall.

Thibault Sottiaux: We've investigated a few messages about codex usage limits being different. What we did see is that when talking to affected users many were using sub2api.

Thibault Sottiaux: Yay, you can now make transparent images in ChatGPT and through the API with GPT-Image-2.

Thibault Sottiaux: Create a ChatGPT Site, share it and create something together. I've been building little games and sites with others and it is so much fun.

Theme 02

AWS for Agents, Floppy CLI & PG's Ask / Agent 的 AWS、软盘 CLI 与 PG 的嘱托

Rauchg 的 agent AWS(387 赞)+ fx 0.0.5(512 赞)+ 迎接 Bun(463 赞);Amjad 的 PG 往事(938 赞)+ Free Mode 速度(145/146 赞);Levie 论后训练降本(57 赞);Madhu Guru 的 evals 第四篇(137 赞);Nikunj 论野心数学(112 赞)。

Rauchg / Amjad / Levie / Madhu / Nikunj avatarR/
Rauchg / Amjad / Levie / Madhu / Nikunj
Vercel CEO / Replit CEO / Box CEO / Product / FPV
中文

Rauchg 三连:我们在造 agent 的 AWS(387 赞);fx 0.0.5 更小了(512 赞)——xz 压缩后两张软盘就装得下💾💾,明天带着呼声最高的功能发布;欢迎 Bun 加入 Vercel(463 赞)——Bun 对简单、快速、开放的追求与 Vercel 的世界观完美契合,恭喜 Jarred 发布。Amjad 的往事(938 赞):与 OpenAI 的合作早该发生了——Replit 进 YC 之前,PG 就让 Sam 来招募我们;附 Sam 亲述我们初遇的故事。加上 Free Mode 速度观察(145/146 赞):新 Free Mode 最被低估的一面是它有多快——让编码重新变回交互式的!

Levie 论后训练(57 赞):对应用型 AI 用例做后训练来降本提准,将是贴近企业底层工作流的公司越来越多采取的路径——当你足够理解一个领域、在一组任务上有足够量。Madhu Guru 的 evals 第四篇(137 赞):企业做不好 AI 的原因是缺 eval 策略——需要阶梯式策略,爬山式长 eval 推生产前沿,加上成本/真实性光谱上的多种 eval。Nikunj 的野心数学(112 赞):Anthropic 成为史上最快从零到万亿估值的公司,破了所有收入纪录——为什么野心对投资人如此重要,让我算给你看。

Rauchg:造 agent 的 AWS。fx 两张软盘装下。欢迎 Bun 加入 Vercel。

Amjad:PG 让 Sam 招募 Replit 的往事。Free Mode 让编码重新交互。

Levie:贴近工作流的公司会用后训练降本提准。

Madhu Guru:阶梯式 eval 策略。

Nikunj:Anthropic 最快到万亿。野心的数学。

English

Rauchg's triple: 'We're building AWS for agents' (387 likes); fx 0.0.5 gets even smaller (512 likes): 'fits in 2 floppy disks 💾💾 (xz-compressed). shipping tomorrow with our most-asked feature!'; and welcoming Bun to Vercel (463 likes): 'Bun's pursuit of simple, fast & open is the perfect match for Vercel and how we think about the world. Congrats @jarredsumner on shipping!' Amjad's origin story (938 likes): 'This partnership with @OpenAI is long overdue. Before Replit was in YC, PG asked Sam to recruit us. Here's Sam telling the story of how we first met.' Plus Free Mode speed notes (145/146 likes): 'One of the more underrated aspects of the new Free Mode is how fast it is. Making coding interactive again!'

Levie on post-training for applied AI (57 likes): companies closer to the underlying enterprise workflow will increasingly use post-training to bring down costs and improve accuracy — once you understand a domain well enough and have volume on a set of tasks. Madhu Guru's evals Part 4 (137 likes): a laddered eval strategy — hill-climb long evals pushing the production frontier plus multiple evals across the cost/realism spectrum. Nikunj's ambition math (112 likes): 'Anthropic became the fastest company to go from zero to a trillion dollars in valuation, beating every revenue record' — why ambition matters to investors.

Guillermo Rauch: We're building AWS for agents.

Guillermo Rauch: fx 0.0.5 gets even smaller. Fits in 2 floppy disks (xz-compressed). Shipping tomorrow with our most-asked feature!

Guillermo Rauch: Bun's pursuit of simple, fast & open is the perfect match for Vercel and how we think about the world. Congrats @jarredsumner on shipping!

Amjad Masad: This partnership with @OpenAI is long overdue. Before Replit was in YC, PG asked Sam to recruit us. Here's Sam telling the story of how we first met.

Amjad Masad: One of the more underrated aspects of the new Free Mode is how fast it is. Making coding interactive again!

Aaron Levie: This will increasingly be an approach that companies that can get closer to the underlying workflow in an enterprise will take.

Madhu Guru: How to build great evals - part 4. You need a laddered eval strategy, for your unique use cases, with multiple evals on the cost/realism spectrum.

Nikunj Kothari: Anthropic became the fastest company to go from zero to a trillion dollars in valuation, beating every revenue record you can think of.

Theme 03

Motivation Boom, Manager Agent & YC Memes / 动机金句、Manager Agent 与 YC 梗

Zara 的 Claude 动机金句(295 赞);Peter Yang 的 manager agent 唠叨法(484 赞)+ YouTube 10 万订阅(265 赞);Garry Tan 的 YC 梗三连(210/400/537 赞);Swyx 的 NVIDIA 60 亿播客(60 赞)+ Matt Pocock 的 /wayfinder(87 赞);Aditya 的 SPC 清晰度(44 赞)+ 减法创始人(33 赞)。

Zara / Yang / Tan / Swyx / Aditya avatarZ/
Zara / Yang / Tan / Swyx / Aditya
Builder / Builder / YC / AI Ecosystem / SPC
中文

Zara 的 Claude 金句(295 赞):前几天我没什么干劲,跟 Claude 聊了聊。Claude 说了一句彻底改变我对动机认知的话——「动机会跟着行动而来,而非走在行动之前。」Boom。Peter Yang 的 manager agent 唠叨法(484 赞):我的直觉是很多 AI 产出只要建一个循环就能改进——让 manager agent 打压 worker agent:「你确定这是你的最佳水平?」「我觉得你能做得更好,重来」「仔细看看,给我 11/10 的输出」。外加 YouTube 破 10 万订阅(265 赞),他正在回温哥华陪母亲。

Garry Tan 的 YC 梗三连(210/400/537 赞):YC 是 AI 研究员的 YC;YC 是消费硬件的 YC;以及一个「你不该吃自家狗粮吗」的有趣违例。Swyx 的 NVIDIA 播客(60 赞):骄傲地和 Vibhu 录了最新一期——为什么 NVIDIA 花 60 亿买下那家正在产出击败 Thinky 的模型的神奇模型工厂(真不夸张,看数字)。以及 Matt Pocock 的 /wayfinder(87 赞):当你还在战争迷雾里航行、还不知道自己不知道什么的时候,用它。Aditya 论 SPC 清晰度(44 赞):我们在 SPC 最看重的特质之一是清晰——诚实的能力、穿透战争迷雾、在浑水里画出航道。以及「最好的创始人是减法主义者」(33 赞)。

Zara:动机跟着行动而来,而非走在行动之前。

Yang:manager agent 打压 worker agent 能大幅改进输出。YouTube 破 10 万。

Tan:YC 是 AI 研究员/消费硬件的 YC。

Swyx:NVIDIA 60 亿买模型工厂。/wayfinder 给迷雾中的人。

Aditya:SPC 最看重清晰。最好的创始人是减法主义者。

English

Zara's Claude moment (295 likes): 'The other day I was feeling unmotivated and talked to Claude about it. Claude said something that completely changed how I see motivation: Motivation follows action more than it precedes it. Boom.' Peter Yang's manager-agent trick (484 likes): 'My gut is that a lot of AI output can be improved just by building a loop where a manager agent negs the other worker agent with prompts like: Are you sure this is the best you can do? I think you can do better, try again. Take a closer look, give me 11/10 output.' Plus his 100K YouTube subs (265 likes) while heading back to Vancouver to be with his mom.

Garry Tan's YC meme trilogy (210/400/537 likes): 'YC is the YC for AI Researchers', 'YC is the YC for consumer hardware', and an 'Interesting violation of you should dogfood your own product.' Swyx on the NVIDIA episode (60 likes): 'proud that Vibhu and I did the most recent pod on why NVIDIA just paid him $6B to buy the incredible model factory that is pumping out Thinky-beating models (actually not exaggeration, look at the numbers)' — plus Matt Pocock's /wayfinder (87 likes): 'when you are just navigating the fog of war and don't yet know what you don't know.' Aditya on SPC clarity (44 likes): 'One of the attributes we look for the most @spc is Clarity. The ability to be honest. To cut through the fog of war.' Plus 'The best founders are reductionists' (33 likes).

Zara Zhang: The other day I was feeling unmotivated and talked to Claude about it. Claude said something that completely changed how I see motivation: 'Motivation follows action more than it precedes it.' Boom.

Peter Yang: My gut is that a lot of AI output can be improved just by building a loop where a manager agent negs the other worker agent with prompts like: 'Are you sure this is the best you can do?' 'I think you can do better, try again' 'Take a closer look, give me 11/10 output'.

Garry Tan: YC is the YC for AI Researchers. / YC is the YC for consumer hardware. / Interesting violation of 'you should dogfood your own product'.

Swyx: proud that @vibhuuuus and i did the most recent pod with @eisokant on why NVIDIA just paid him $6B to buy the incredible model factory that is pumping out Thinky-beating models.

Swyx: /wayfinder is @mattpocockuk's /grill-me for /grill-me, when you are just navigating the fog of war and don't yet know what you don't know.

Aditya Agarwal: One of the attributes that we look for the most @spc is Clarity. The ability to be honest. To cut through the fog of war. To chart a path through murky waters.

Aditya Agarwal: The best founders are reductionists.

Theme 04

Podcast: Max Hodak — Restoring Sight, Substrate Independence / 播客:Max Hodak——重见光明与基座独立

No Priors 专访 Science 公司创始人 CEO Max Hodak(前 Neuralink):Prima 视网膜假体获欧洲上市批准、大脑是计算机、柏拉图表征假设、基座独立与太空适应。完整 transcript(37894 字符)已全文翻译。

No Priors avatarNP
No Priors
Max Hodak(Science 创始人 CEO,前 Neuralink)
中文

No Priors:专访 Science 公司创始人 CEO Max Hodak(前 Neuralink)——Prima 视网膜假体刚获欧洲上市批准,让因黄斑变性等致盲的患者重见光明。一期把「大脑是计算机」讲得淋漓尽致的对话:头骨就是缸中之脑的缸;视网膜假体是眼睛的人工耳蜗;药物研发是翻牌赌命而工程是确定性迭代;AI 模型内部与神经科学数据惊人相似(柏拉图表征假设);如果最终死于胰腺我会相当失望;10 bit/秒的认知瓶颈;以及基座独立与适应太空真空的终极愿景。

【开场:大脑就是计算机】

Hodak:大脑非常字面、非常清楚、非常明白地就是一台计算机。我们谈论「缸中之脑」——头骨就是那个缸。大脑通过少量导线与外界相连:颅神经和脊神经,这些小电缆承载着你与世界的一切交互。如果你能把视觉、听觉、平衡、运动信号的进出打通,这本身就是目的本身,就是核心对象。

【Prima:眼睛的人工耳蜗】

Hodak:根本上我们是一家医疗器械公司。小写 science 的使命是用对宇宙的差异化理解改善人类处境,大写 Science 就是我们在做的事——具体说是用「如何与大脑打交道」的理解,拿到医学里罕见的巨大效应量。我们的主打产品是视网膜假体:可以把它想成眼睛的人工耳蜗。人工耳蜗是医学史上影响最大的发明之一——新生儿第一次开机那个视频,震撼。

Hodak:Prima 是一枚植入视网膜后方的小芯片,面向因感光细胞死亡而致盲的患者——黄斑变性等。患者佩戴带激光投影仪的眼镜,把图像投到植入体上,绕过死去的视杆视锥细胞直接刺激视网膜,把视觉信号送回大脑。为什么选视网膜而不是丘脑或 V1?有视神经就该待在视网膜里——科学技术原因都指向这里。我们早期探索了所有变体:自研基因疗法(预计明年进人体)、电刺激调查、超声,最后收购了当时拥有全球最先进电刺激视网膜技术的法国公司 Pyxium——那笔交易至今超值。

Hodak:7 月我们拿到欧洲上市批准,几周内开始首批销售。临床试验里,患者在做数独、填字游戏、读书——以前从来没有人能以这种方式在盲人患者的「心眼」里恢复形视觉。现在的视野还小得像透过吸管看,只有黑白;我们要加灰度深度,红绿已见路径,蓝更难。但有一条清晰的工程路径让产品越来越好。

【登月计划成功了】

Hodak:大家把 BCI 当成十年后才可能成的登月项目。可人们忘了登月计划成功了——我们在月球上留了鞋印。硅谷把 moonshot 当成「赔率极长、多半不成、所以烧投资人的钱也无所谓」的代名词,但历史上登月计划的成功率比人们以为的高。最重要的是这里有真生意,欧洲批准就是开始。

Hodak:为什么这比制药强?人类花了海量时间金钱找恢复视觉、恢复听觉、治帕金森、让瘫痪者重新行动的药——分子层面的理解太难了,说实话人类不擅长。而大脑是计算机:人工耳蜗开机、深脑刺激器开机、四肢瘫痪者植入运动皮层一小时后打游戏——药物里你看不到这种事。药物研发十年、临床试验翻一张牌,答案可能是不,然后大家回家。而这里我们对怎么变好有清晰的判断。

【大脑是计算机(会惹怒互联网)】

Hodak:想让互联网上火,就跟他们说大脑是计算机。我说的不是比喻——我字面地、清楚地把大脑当计算机。我还把整个宇宙看作计算机:用特定方式排列物质然后撒手按下开始,让它随时间展开解决计算问题。晶体管没什么特别的,图灵机只是抽象理想。这个观点曾相当异端,它把 BCI 的外延从运动解码扩展到大量医学领域。我们更多是一家科技公司而非传统生物科技——主要从科技投资人那里融资,A 轮我主动找的生技投资人只有 Bob Nelson 一位。

【BCI 光谱与大脑边界】

Hodak:BCI 是个像制药一样的类目——你对 VC 说「我们有个 BCI 押注」,就像说「我们押了药物」一样粗糙。光谱一端是无声语音设备(手部的替代品):手很好用,两只手都在,你不太需要想「不用打开 Uber 应用直接叫车」——而且你多半希望跟 Uber 应用毫无歧义地沟通,不想开会时它觉得你在想 Uber 就自己叫了两辆。但如果拿到视觉、听觉、平衡和每秒千比特的运动控制,你已经半只脚踏进黑客帝国——这把我们带进对医学的真正迷幻的重新诠释,那才是我们在做的。

Hodak:某处有一条界线,从「与一个东西通信」跨越到「重画你大脑的边界」。你两个半脑作为一个整合绑定之物使用的方式,与你跟另一个人说话的方式不同——不只是相关性:一切沟通都是在制造大脑间的相关,但半脑整合是新增了结构性能力。找到那个跃迁点是我们最着迷的研究方向。什么是「你」是核心问题:如果我无创扫描你的大脑做一份软件复制体,你还能跟它说话,然后说「我去临终关怀了,这东西继续做我的风投工作」——这会让你对死于癌症感觉好些吗?全身麻醉产生的那种断裂感为什么不同?这些都得解释。

【柏拉图表征假设】

Hodak:AI 模型的进展让 BCI 领域的投资人和工程师激增,因为表征确实是共享的——这叫柏拉图表征假设,社区里有争议,但在我看来明显有真实的东西在发生。观察大模型内部,那些数学对象与神经科学里看到的非常相似:AI 模型表征概念的方式与大脑表征概念的部分呈现非常相似的几何。我们不只是说说——我们在 Science 拿动物脑神经记录与 AI 模型内部表征做对齐,这是可操作的。这让我确信 AI 在正确的轨道上,不是噱头也没撞墙:宇宙有某种事实,让这些学习中的系统抓住了真实的底层数据流形。感觉像物理定律:给物质施加足够算力,你就得到看起来像智能的东西。最讽刺的是,今天做神经科学最肥沃的方式大概就是做 AI——我在 OpenAI、Anthropic 有神经科学朋友,我们开玩笑说「你离开神经科学了」——不不不,在模型上做神经科学容易多了。

【生意、定价与 TAM】

Hodak:能永久做下去、能盈利是最高优先级。给盲人恢复视力是相当好的生意——AMD 到 80 岁两人中有一人有早期症状、85 岁十分之一确诊。定价还没定死:十年前 Second Sight 的视网膜假体没拿到形视觉、只有光斑,每位患者收约 15 万美元;基因疗法只覆盖一个窄适应症 5% 的患者、只能改善 0.1 行视力,每只眼报销近 50 万美元。当前版 Prima 的 TAM 是美欧几十万患者;下一版已进动物实验、希望明年进人体,会扩到数百万。

【胰腺、基座独立与群星】

Hodak:构成「你」的器官里唯一原则上无法移植的是大脑。心脏、胰腺、肝、肺在我看来都是配角——它们的存在是为了让大脑的活动保持有趣。如果我们终将被生物谋杀,我会相当失望自己死于胰腺。包围我们的这套外星纳米技术我们依赖至深却理解甚少——与其解决它,不如用人类更先进的工具箱达到同样的根本目标。两大死因——心血管疾病和脑转移癌——我认为都能通过这类工作真正攻克。

Hodak:说到「戴个帽子用独白问 AI」:我认为说话和写作就是思考——那种「脑中已有成品只待提取」的感觉是误导,真坐下来写才发现并不成立。有著名的 10 bit/秒认知瓶颈:让人坐直升机飞越曼哈顿再画出来,一两个小时内处理速度就在 10 bit/秒上下,多条独立证据都指向这个深度演化的瓶颈。所以那是另一种产品,不是我们要做的。

Hodak:如果二十年年后我们成功了,人类处境的改变是:我们一直生活在人类条件固有的那种脆弱与风险感之下——那种 jeopardy 会消退。我们将能升级和更换自己的部件。神经退行还很难,需要真投资;但如果认真探索宇宙、走向群星,我们终究要让自己适应那种环境——我们不会到处exporting地球。这些身体很棒,但它们是为这颗星球设计的。适应硬真空太空,长期看正是我们要做的。说到底,那是同一个项目:可更换的部件,与基座独立。

English

No Priors interviews Max Hodak, founder/CEO of Science (formerly of Neuralink), on Prima — the retinal prosthesis that just got European marketing approval and helps blind patients see again. Key threads: the brain very literally is a computer — the skull IS the brain-in-a-vat, connected through a small number of cables (cranial/spinal nerves); if you can get visual, auditory, balance, and motor signals in and out of the brain, that is an end in itself; the cochlear-implant-for-the-eye framing; why restoring vision beats drug discovery — 'you can do drug discovery for a decade, run a clinical trial, turn over a card, and the answer might be no'; the Prima chip under the retina with laser-projector glasses bypassing dead rods/cones; patients doing sudoku, crossword puzzles, reading books; the Pyxium acquisition nobody else saw value in; 'people forget that the moonshot worked — we left boot prints on the moon'; the platonic representation hypothesis — AI model internals look like neuroscience data, alignments between animal recordings and model representations; 'it feels like a law of physics: apply enough compute to matter and you get something that looks like intelligence'; the easiest way to do neuroscience today is ironically working on AI; BCI as a category like pharma (not one bet); silent-speech devices as hand substitutes — if you get vision, hearing, balance and a kilobit/sec of motor control, you're halfway to the Matrix; the border-redrawing question — communicating with a thing vs. integrating it as brain tissue; scan-copy thought experiments and why general anesthesia feels different; the brain as the only untransplantable organ — 'I'm going to be ultimately fairly disappointed if I'm murdered by my pancreas'; two leading causes of death (cardiovascular, brain-metastasized cancer) both attackable via this work; the 10-bits-per-second cognitive bottleneck — 'talking or writing IS thinking'; TAM: hundreds of thousands of patients now, millions with the next version in humans next year; $150K-per-patient (Second Sight) and ~$500K-per-eye (gene therapy) pricing precedents; and the long game — substrate independence, upgrading parts, fading the sense of jeopardy, and adapting ourselves to hard vacuum for the stars.

Max Hodak: The brain very literally, very clearly, plainly is a computer… We talk about being a brain in a vat. That's what the skull is.

Max Hodak: If you can get the visual signal, auditory signal, balance, motor, in and out of the brain, that is an end in itself. That is the central object.

Max Hodak: You can do drug discovery for a decade or run a clinical trial. You're going to turn over a card. The answer might be no.

Max Hodak: People forget that the moonshot worked. Like, we left boot prints on the moon.

Max Hodak: When you look inside these big AI models, the mathematical objects that you see look a lot like the things that you see in neuroscience.

Max Hodak: It feels like a law of physics. Like, if you apply enough compute to matter, you get this thing that looks like intelligence.

Max Hodak: I think that talking or writing is thinking… that feeling is misleading.

Max Hodak: I'm gonna be ultimately fairly disappointed if I'm murdered by my pancreas.

Max Hodak: There's this observation that the brain seems to process information at about 10 bits per second.